Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.     

水稻叶片早衰突变体的农艺与生理性状研究进展

叶片早衰严重影响水稻产量与品质。研究水稻叶片早衰突变体的农艺及生理性状,有助于了解水稻叶片衰老进程和机理。本文简述了叶片衰老特征和衰老机制,重点综述了水稻叶片早衰突变体的类型、农艺与生理性状研究进展及延缓水稻叶片衰老的栽培调控途径。可为水稻抗衰老品种选育及栽培调控提供理论依据。     

不同氮肥处理下高温胁迫对夏玉米产量及叶片超微构造的影响

以郑单958为材料,研究高温胁迫对夏玉米产量及叶片超微构造的影响。结果表明,高温处理缩短夏玉米的生育天数,降低夏玉米产量及叶绿素含量。随氮肥增加,高温处理对玉米产量的影响先降低后升高(在310.5 kg/hm^2氮肥下,高温处理玉米产量的降低达到27.2%、31.1%)。高温处理较对照维管束鞘细胞变大,高温处理维管束鞘细胞内的叶绿体出现淀粉粒,对照处理维管束鞘细胞内的叶绿体没有出现淀粉粒。高温线粒体及细胞核(被)膜开始解离,对照处理线粒体及细胞核(被)膜完整,说明高温条件下,玉米对氮的耐受力降低。高温处理叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数减少及基粒片层数减少,叶绿体面积及叶绿体长/宽比值变小,高温处理较对照线粒体数先增加后减少。高温处理与对照叶肉细胞叶绿体内均未发现淀粉粒。     

玉米叶片表皮蜡质相关性状的全基因组关联分析

为发掘玉米叶片表皮蜡质合成与调控相关基因，以218份由温带、亚热带和热带自交系组成的关联群体为材料，在原阳对其3个生物学重复叶片表皮挂水能力进行调查，利用1.25 M覆盖玉米全基因组的SNPs进行Q、K和Q+K这3种模型下的全基因组关联分析。结果表明，Q模型较K模型和Q+K模型能更好地评价叶片表皮的挂水能力。Q模型下，共检测到88个覆盖玉米9条染色体的显著SNPs（P ≤ 2.04E-6），88个SNPs分布于47个QTLs内，单个QTL可解释13.6%~45.6%的叶片挂水能力表型变异，47个QTL内共有97个候选基因，其中，77个具有功能注释。位于第2染色体上的转录因子NAC77（GRMZM2G018436）和第3条染色体上的亚油酸酯氧合酶（GRMZM2G156861）编码基因，是叶片表皮蜡质性状的重要候选基因。     

Effects of post-silking water deficit on the leaf photosynthesis and senescence of waxy maize

Waxy maize is widely cultivated under rainfed conditions and frequently suffers water shortage during the late growth stage. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of post-silking drought on leaf photosynthesis and senescence and its influence on grain yield. Two waxy maize hybrids, Suyunuo 5(SYN5) and Yunuo 7(YN7), were grown under the control and drought(soil moisture content was 70–80% and 50–60%, respectively) conditions after silking in 2016 and 2017. The decrease in yield was 11.1 and 15.4% for YN7 and SYN5, respectively, owing to the decreased grain weight and number. Post-silking dry matter accumulation was reduced by 27.2% in YN7 and 26.3% in SYN5. The contribution rate of pre-silking photoassimilates transferred to grain yield was increased by 15.6% in YN7 and 10.2% in SYN5, respectively. Post-silking drought increased the malondialdehyde content, but decreased the contents of water, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid in the leaves. The weakened activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and antioxidant system(catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) reduced the photosynthetic rate(P_n) and accelerated leaf senescence. The correlation results indicated that reduced Pn and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde content under drought conditions induced the decrease of post-silking photoassimilates deposition, ultimately resulted in the grain yield loss.     

细菌性根腐病对三七光合特性的影响

根腐病是严重威胁三七生产的重要因素之一,常年发病率在5%～20%。其中,由假单胞杆菌(Pseudomon adaceae)引起的细菌性根腐病,因叶片出现缺水萎蔫症状时才能发现,目前尚无有效的预防措施。为探究细菌性根腐病对三七光合生理特性的影响,从而为三七病害生理学研究提供理论基础,本文以2年生三七为材料,设置2个处理[发病植株和健康对照植株(CK)],研究细菌性根腐病对三七形态结构、光合特性和光系统功能的影响。结果表明:1)根腐病导致三七的主根褐变腐烂,须根断损,茎基部腐烂中空,叶片萎蔫,各器官含水量比CK显著降低(P≤0.05);而株高、叶面积和叶片解剖结构(上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度)在两处理间均无显著差异。2)发病植株叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、水分利用效率(WUE)和表观叶肉导度(AMC)显著低于CK(P≤0.05),且CK叶片胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)与P_n呈反比。3)发病植株叶片的光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)反应中心P700最大荧光信号(P_m)根腐病初期暂不受影响,而叶片暗适应下最大量子效率(F_v/F_m)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)电子传递速率[ETR(Ⅱ)]、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)]、PSⅠ电子传递速率[ETR(Ⅰ)]、PSⅠ周围的环式电子流(CEF)和PSⅠ实际光化学量子产量[Y(Ⅰ)]均显著低于CK(P≤0.05);参与调节性能量耗散的量子产量[Y(NO)]则显著高于CK(P≤0.05);发病植株的快速叶绿素荧光动力学曲线上出现K相,且显著高于CK(P≤0.05)。总的来看,细菌性根腐病对三七发病植株各器官的损伤严重程度为根茎叶,且根腐病导致发病植株叶片叶绿素降解, PSⅡ受到不可逆损伤, PSⅠ的电子传递被抑制,且叶肉细胞CO_2的同化能力降低,根腐病限制三七正常进行光合作用的条件。     

纹党和红芪加工废弃物活性多糖对衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用

为了研究陇南道地中药材纹党和红芪加工废弃物中活性多糖对衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用，用低糖低脂饲料适应性喂养小鼠15 d，以剂量为500 mg·kg^-1颈部皮下注射D-半乳糖（D-galactose）溶液构建小鼠亚急性衰老模型。将建模成功的小鼠随机分为正常对照组、衰老模型组、纹党多糖（Codonopisis pilosula polysaccharides, CPP）、红芪多糖（Hedysarum polybotrys polysaccharides ,CHP）剂量处理组和阳性（V_E170 mg·kg^-1）处理组。连续灌胃给药28 d，研究两种多糖对衰老小鼠体重及动物脏器指数、血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活力变化以及丙二醛（MDA）的含量变化。经过测定，提取的纹党多糖和红芪多糖得率分别为16.52%和13.96%，纯度为 99.65%和99.38%，剂量在400 mg·kg^-1时纹党多糖对衰老小鼠治疗效果明显优于红芪多糖，其心脏和脾脏指数、血清中的SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活力均高于模型组，血清中的MDA含量均低于模型组，对衰老小鼠具有缓解体重下降的作用。结果表明，纹党多糖和红芪多糖均能提高衰老小鼠的抗氧化作用，且纹党多糖和红芪多糖联用后抗氧化和抗衰老能力最好。     

葡萄叶片衰老过程中不同光质对其光合和叶绿体超微结构的影响

以栽植于日光温室中适宜延迟栽培的‘贝达’砧‘意大利’葡萄为试材,自2013年8月1日始至落叶(2014年1月31日)止每天分别进行红光和蓝光不同光质延长光照至24:00补光处理,以不补光作为对照,研究不同光质补光处理对葡萄叶片衰老过程中叶片的外观形态特征、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、F_v/F_m、可溶性蛋白质含量和叶绿体超微结构的影响,为叶片抗衰老技术的研发提供理论依据。研究结果表明:补充红光显著提高了叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、F_v/F_m值和可溶性蛋白质含量,叶绿体基粒片层排列整齐有序,明显减缓了叶绿体超微结构的解体,显著延缓叶片衰老;补充蓝光处理前期显著降低了叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、F_v/F_m值和可溶性蛋白质含量,破坏了叶绿体的超微结构,加速了植株的衰老进程;但在叶片衰老后期,叶绿素含量、净光合速率、F_v/F_m值和可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐高于对照,并且叶绿体的基粒片层比对照排列整齐有序,在一定程度上延缓了叶片衰老。补充蓝光处理的叶片可溶性蛋白质含量一直显著高于补充红光和对照。综上,补充红光处理有效延缓了叶片衰老进程,延长了叶片的生理功能期。     

不同水肥浓度对涌泉根灌枣树叶面积和产量的影响

以陕西榆林山地矮化密植梨枣树为研究对象,分析了不同水肥浓度对涌泉根灌枣树生育期内叶面积指数、果实发育和产量的影响。结果表明,不同水肥处理叶面积指数在枣树果实膨大期达到高峰,且稳定持续至果实成熟期末期,随后叶面积指数开始下降。叶面积指数随着萌芽展叶期灌水量的增加而增加,所有水肥处理下,枣数叶面积指数最大的是高水中肥处理(W1N2)；所有处理中,高水、低水处理与低肥相组合,果实体积最大,中灌水处理为不施肥时果实的体积最大。单位枝长的果实数目最高的是中水中肥处理(W2N2),最低的是低水处理(W3),在一定范围内,适当施肥能促进枣果单位枝长的果实数目的增加,但肥液浓度过大,反而会抑制其增加。在一定条件下,所有处理中产量最高的是中水中肥处理(W2N2),产量超过2000kg/亩,最低的是低水高肥处理(W3N1),产量不到1000kg/亩。因此可以选择中水中肥处理(W2N2),能获得最高的产量。